An Inconvenient Turth Essay Example for Free

An Inconvenient Turth Essay My purpose behind picking this theme is, on the grounds that I might want to find out about an unnatural weather change. What are the genuine threat's that we are looking because of a worldwide temperature alteration? What would we be able to do to stop the surpassing quick paces of an Earth-wide temperature boost? I might want to imform other about the new information that I get on the subect of globle warming. Al Gore enlighten how individuals use to Think regarding a worldwide temperature alteration that the world was large enough and we could never have an issue. He likewise depicts a dangerous atmospheric devation as when the sun's radiation comes in, as light waves going through earth climate to warm the earth,and then it is re-emanated once again into space as infrared radiation, and a portion of the out going infrared radiation is caught by the earth environment and warms it. This slender layer of air is being thicken by the entirety of the an Earth-wide temperature boost contamination that is being set up there. He talks about Mr. Roger Revelle as the primary individual to propose estimating carbon dioxide in the world's environment. After the primary long periods of information he intuited what it implied for what was to come. He and a group of other structured the investigation in 1957 with the assistance of Mr. Charles David Keeling. they fired sending these climate expands up each day. The consequences of his estimations after just a couple of years it was alarming. He attracted the associations between the bigger changes our human progress, and this example that was presently noticeable in the air of the whole plant, and afterward he anticipated into then future where this was going except if we make a few changes. Mount Kilimanjaro had icecaps 30 years back. what's more, presently it has all dissolved. Mr. Lonnie Thompson, considers icy masses, and predicts there will be no more snows of Kilimanjaro inside the following decade. Its likewise is occurring in Glacier National Park, and all around the globe the ice is currently gone. He specifies about CO2 and temperature, when there is more carbon dioxide, the temperature gets hotter. He talk about this not even a political issue,but an ethical issue. It is profoundly dishonest. He had a loads of confidence in the majority rule framework that these finding would be sufficiently convincing to cause a genuine change however they were n't. He talk about when the seas get hotter that cause more grounded storms prompting a heaps of large tropical storms and a record-breaking record in the U.S. of tornado, and in Japan record set for hurricanes. He contribute the changing of the period to an Earth-wide temperature boost and changing nature plans. He additionally says that the consuming of timberlands and wildfires makes more co2 be pit into the air.what the entirety of this implies is our capacity to a have a future to live in the earth. I truly appreciate the film The film was very illuminating I showed signs of improvement thought regarding what's going on around the globe. I concur with Al Gore something must be finished. It was astounding to me about how everything interface together like a domino impact. I picture in my brain how all these extraordinary mountains surrounding us is softening which is changing the temperature of the ocean, which cause a significant number of the world's calamity by storms. Man is wrecking himself. It makes me think would we be able to return where their was not a heaps of development that contaminated our air. Can we genuinely discover an answer for this mas, mass, mass, issue are have we went to far of no arrival. I consider the air we inhale and the water we drink. I recall just around 40 yrs.ago when I was ten years of age, my grandma gave me where I could drink out a spring it was so perfect and lovely and crisp tasting, I prefer not to think in the event that I when back there to drink what sort of substance would be in that water now. Everything is being affected our food, the creature niches,and season is transforming we can't tell winter from fall or spring from summer and the bugs can't tell not one or the other. In the event that we have gone to far to stop all the issues, why not do, what we can do, to address what we can, for the eventual fate of our life on the earth.

Youth and Its Power for India

India,now matured at 65 is in my view one of the biggest store of Youth populace. By and large characterized in the age gathering of 16-30 years comprise of over 40% of India’s populace which is surely an enormous power. We are lively, excited and in every case brimming with energy to do the inconceivable. In the event that we prohibit the adolescent, the remainder of the number of inhabitants in India will involves elderly individuals and youngsters. They can't be known as the genuine labor of the country. So it is apparent that if the young people of the nation are not enthused to dedicate their energies to the undertaking of national reconstruction,the entire Youth Power for India is wasted,or the other way why we youth should trust that somebody will enthuse us to show the Youth Power of India. This is our land,our nation and it absolutely relies upon us(Indian Youths) how we take our nation forward. Yet, having such a monstrous youth populace in India won't do any great if our childhood populace isn't indicated the correct way. A large portion of the adolescent in India are for the most part with no direction,If we can outfit this powerhouse of the country the correct way then the nation can arrive at untold statures. Being said that we ought not totally rely upon our Government to tackle this powerhouse,contribution of all sides is required for this. The best and the most importantly approach to reinforce our childhood are to give them Education. Training assumes a crucial job for this,we ought to have the option to instruct all our childhood from the underlying phases of their life,We ought to have the option to cause them to comprehend the significance of Education. Any sort of Education, yet the correct sort of Education which makes them logical, sensible, liberal, self-regarding, mindful, genuine and enthusiastic. Without these ideals being created, our childhood can't stroll in the ideal way and they will remain in a profound sleep of smugness. Indeed, even training somewhat won't help as we see many instructed youthful populace working overseas,The question is the reason can’t they do it here,the nswer lies in absence of chances which is in bounty in different countires. Why our nation can't offer such chances to us? This is on the grounds that the Government have not showed any drive or we the young have not found a way to cause government to understand the intensity of youth. Have we overlooked that today India is Independent in view of the young force in our opportunity struggle,we owe Independent India to the adolescent intensity of our past and to improve it for our group of people yet to come we should rise by and by together. Youth of India must have the option to concoct new thoughts of Entrepreneurship which is essential for the country’s development. For a young instructed in India he/she should consider the improvement in India which presently have most extreme significant for our country’s advancement. Let us center around productively utilizing the intensity of the adolescent for the advancement of the country. Let us edge such arrangements which target engaging our childhood so we can be guaranteed of a superior future and a more splendid tomorrow.

Analyzing Sample Essays For Scholarships

Analyzing Sample Essays For ScholarshipsThere are many essays, which include sample essays for scholarships, that are available online. This makes it possible for you to study different samples and find the one that will best suit your needs. Not only is this effective, but it also saves you a lot of time when trying to pick out a particular essay.Some of the essay samples for scholarships are very technical and will require a particular level of skills in order to follow the directions correctly. You will need to read each instruction carefully and have patience when reading the instructions so that you do not make any mistakes while following the instructions. Some will also require that you have more experience with essay writing than others. This means that you should be able to show your previous writing experience by participating in a college writing program.If you do not have previous experience with essay writing, you may want to spend some time researching the necessary too ls and resources that you need in order to get started. These resources will be found online, as well as on the library shelves. This means that you will not have to go anywhere else to look for them, so you can take the time that you need to find the appropriate ones for you.You will find a variety of essay samples for scholarships on the Internet. Many of these will contain a structure that will help you follow through the directions correctly. The structure includes using the proper format of sentences and paragraphs, as well as using correct punctuation marks. You will find that the structure does not involve much guidance in order to understand the concept.Other essay samples for scholarships include some that will provide more guidance to get you started. The guidance that you will find in these essays can help you find a topic that you want to write about. As long as you understand the instructions properly, you can use the guidance to help you develop the theme and the conce pts to build upon. It is important to remember that if you do not have the skill set that is needed in order to use the structure and instructions in essay samples for scholarships, you will need to seek assistance from someone who does. You will find that there are many people who do this type of writing for colleges and universities, and they will be able to help you with this type of project. This is something that you should consider doing if you are interested in this type of writing.By using the structure of essay samples for scholarships, you will be able to find an appropriate topic that is interesting to you, as well as one that is applicable to your current state of affairs. When you choose a topic that is relevant to your current situation, you will be able to take that topic and go about writing it using the structure that you need to be successful. This is something that you will want to consider doing if you need to write a research paper or your senior year dissertati on.In addition to using the structure of essay samples for scholarships, you will also want to be familiar with the basics of research. You will find that this can help you to develop an idea or theme and then to then get started on the research process. You will also be able to have the confidence that you have when you have your essay completed.

Beginner German Mistake der Freund

The word Freund in German is at times ambiguous since it can mean either friend or boyfriend. The same with Freundin, which can mean either a female friend or a girlfriend. The use of der Freund/ die Freundin relies on contextual cues to give you an accurate meaning. Consider the Following Sentences Er ist mein bester FreundMein amerikanischer FreundMein Freund HeinzEr ist ein Freund fà ¼rs LebenWir sind FreundeEr ist ein Freund von mirEr ist mein FreundEr ist ein FreundEinen festen Freund habenEin echter FreundMein echter freundHast du einen Freund?Ist er dein Freund?Hast du Freunde?Ich war mit einem Freund im Urlaub Which of the above sentences signify â€Å"friend†, which ones â€Å"boyfriend†? Fortunately, Germans have construed set phrases to differentiate between the two. To mean strictly a friend, er ist ein Freund/ sie ist eine Freundin von mir is usually said. To add more â€Å"amore†, then the possessive pronoun will be used: er ist mein Freund/sie ist meine Freundin. If you want to talk in general about a boyfriend/girlfriend, simply einen Freund haben/eine Freundin haben or einen festen Freund haben/ eine feste Freundin haben will do. For example, if you wanted to ask somebody if she has a boyfriend, you could say either Hast du einen festen Freund? or Hast du einen Freund? But remember above all, context is key. Avoid the Embarrassment In order to not mix up a friend with a boyfriend and avoid some eyebrow raising, a good rule of thumb to keep would be the following: Usually anything with a possessive pronoun such as mein (except for mein bester Freund and other phrases, see below), and fest can be safely considered to be boyfriend territory. Take note however that women are more apt to call their female friends meine Freundin, whereas men prefer to introduce their male friends as ein Freund von mir. The term ein Freund (without von mir tagged behind it) can be interpreted either way depending on the context and the speaker’s intent. Keeping all this in mind, the aforementioned phrases could be translated as follows: Er ist mein bester Freund. (He is my best friend.)Mein amerikanischer Freund. (My American boyfriend)Mein Freund Heinz. (My boyfriend Heinz)Er ist ein Freund fà ¼rs Leben. (He is a friend for life.)Wir sind Freunde. (We are friends.)Er ist ein Freund von mir. (He is a friend of mine.)Er ist mein Freund. (He is my boyfriend.)Mein guter Freund. (My good friend.)Er ist ein Freund. (He is a friend.)Einen festen Freund haben. (To have a boyfriend.)Ein echter Freund. (A true friend.)Mein echter Freund. (My true friend/My real boyfriend.)Hast du einen Freund? (Do you have a boyfriend?)Ist er dein Freund? (Is he your boyfriend?)Hast du Freunde? (Do you have friends?)Ich war mit einem Freund im Urlaub. (I was on vacation with a friend.) Why the Ambiguity? It is interesting to note that the Old High German word for Freund, namely friunt as well as the Middle High German vriunt was used interchangeably with both close friends and relatives even up till the 1700s. The meaning of Freund can be traced back to the pre-Old High German word frijond which was the present participle of the verb frijon, ‘to love’. Further, Germans tend to use the word Freund less liberally than Americans, since ein Freund is really reserved for close friends. In less close-knit friendships, the other person is often considered by Germans to be â€Å"ein Bekannter† or â€Å"ein Kumpel.† Synonyms for Freund: der Kamerad, der Kumpel, der Kollege, der Gefà ¤hrte, die/der Atze (Berlin).Synonyms for Freund as Boyfriend/Girlfriend: der Geliebte/die Geliebte, der Lebenspartner/ die Lebenspartnerin, der Lebensgefà ¤hrte/ die Lebensgefà ¤hrtin.Expressions with Freund: das Freund-Feind-Denken an â€Å"if you’re not for us, you’re against us† way of thinkingDas habe ich ihm unter Freunden gesagt that was just between the two of us

Puritanism And Romanticism - 1825 Words

There have been three major influential movements in American history—Puritanism, Rationalism, and Romanticism. Each occurring during generally different time periods, they produced a number of different types of literature reflecting their beliefs at the time. The Puritans, being some of the first settlers in modern day America, relied heavily on beliefs they brought with them from the Church of England. Rather than simply being followers of their prior Church, Puritans believed in the Church as less of a structured organization and more of a spiritual journey or community. In these beliefs, the Puritans sought to bring religion, spirituality, and the Bible into mainstream thought. The Puritans had a number of other important beliefs†¦show more content†¦In reaction to these changes in the world, also not overnight, the Romantic movement began. Romanticism held the beliefs that nature is of the utmost importance and that human intuition should be held as more valuabl e than logic. Romantics at the time didn’t appreciate how Rationalism had ruined the sense of serenity and being one with nature. This movement, unlike the previous two, sought to bring the world back to what it was meant to be rather than attempting to explain why things happened or where they came from. Romantics simply believed in the idea that humans should be one with nature and appreciate the world for what it is. Each of these three movements would view the fairly modern idea of government spending on national security differently because of the beliefs and values they held during their time period. Government spending alone is a controversial subject matter, let alone government spending on such an crucial sector as national security. Currently, governments are far more established in their systems than they were during the time these three movements took place. At the time Puritanism began, the idea of a democratic society was purely fictional and had never been trul y applied in any country or state. Considering the fact that a democratic country was established soon after the Puritan movement, this essay will be focusing on the spending of major democratic governments such as the United States and the European Union. In the UnitedShow MoreRelatedAmerican Puritanism And American Romanticism1146 Words   |  5 Pagespeople viewed the world changed significantly between the time of American Puritanism and American Romanticism. American Puritans believed in a flawless society based on the core beliefs of the Church. As presented in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, American Puritans feared challenging the social norm because it would essentially lead to possessing a corrupt society. American Romanticism ideas differed from American Puritanism beliefs. Romanticists emphasized the power of individuals and believed inRead MorePuritanism, Romanticism And Transcendentalism In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne983 Words   |  4 Pages Although Puritanism, Romanticism and Transcendentalism do not coexist peacefully, these almost worldview kind of people groups are deeply embedded into three fictional characters from the book, The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. This enthralling and rich classic which takes place in Boston Massachusetts during the time of Puritanism gives the reader not only a taste of the Puritans and their staunch attitude, but also of a less common way of thinking andRead MoreA Romantic View Of Hester Prynne Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagessimplicity of nature are at the foundation of American Romanticism. Essays such as Thoreau’s Walden and Emerson’s â€Å"Self-Reliance† call on humans to look inward and avoid conformity in order to find meaning and purpose in life. Nathaniel Hawthorne is also sympathetic to these ideals, but in The Scarlet Letter, he conveys them in the format of a novel where one of his main characters, Hester Prynne, is surrounded by rigid and unforgiving Puritanism in seventeenth century Boston. Through Hester’s strugglesRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1434 Words   |  6 PagesEach character in the novel represents one or more philosophies including Romanticism, Reason, and Puritanism that one could adhere to in life. Romanticism focuses on the individual and preaches finding truth, Reason, involves the belief that one can use logic to solve anything and a perfect society will create perfect men, and Puritanism, where all that matters to anyone is God. In the novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses Hester Prynne s untethered adherence to several philosophiesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1628 Words   |  7 Pageskeep his true identity a secret, too. Each character in the book represents one or more philosophies including Romanticism, Reason, and Puritanism that one could adhere to in life. Romanticism focuses on the individual and preaches finding truth, Reason, involves the belief that one can use logic to solve anything and a perfect society will create perfect men, and Puritanism, where all that matters to anyone is God. In the novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses Hester Prynne sRead More Scarlet Critique Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesScarlet Letter including symbolism and irony. He emphasized the individuals role in the community and the role of women in society. Hawthorne used romanticism as opposed to the classical correctness of writing. Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the 18th Century and stressed strong emotion and imagination. Puritanism was the belief that all humans are sinful and that it is only though God and the bible that one can find redemption. Hawthorne did not agree withRead MoreAmerican Literary Styles Of The Film Of All The Movies Directed By Tim Burton1051 Words   |  5 Pagesgalore has always been a repeated pattern in all of his films: Frankenweenie, Edward Scissorhands, and now Sleepy Hollow. Using costumes, tools and language, Sleepy Hollow reflects each of the three American literary styles of Puritanism, Rationalism, and Romanticism. Puritanism was shown a lot during the movie. In almost all the scenes involving Ichabod’s father, the Judge, or the towns’ people of Sleepy Hollow they defined what a true Puritan was by their behavior, along with what they believedRead More Comparing Romanticism in Plymouth Plantation, Birthmark, and Rappaccinis Daughter1140 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚     Puritanism and Romanticism differ in style, religious references, and plot content. Puritanism began to flourish with strict God-fearing Calvinists who had fled to America to escape religious persecution in Europe. With writers such as William Bradford and Edward Taylor, Puritan literature focuses on Gods role in the lives of the people and adopts a simple religious style of writing. Romanticism was introduced to Americans in the nineteenth century, delivering a fresh literary and artisticRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1187 Words   |  5 PagesPuritanism in Red Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter shows the early view of Puritanism by concentrating on sin, guilt, and its effects on society. Nathaniel Hawthorne conveyed a dark and romantic style of writing in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, impacting the society by focusing on the concepts of romanticism. The Scarlet Letter is considered a classic book and is still read today. Nathaniel Hathorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804. He was the son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth ClarkRead MoreRomanticism And Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1461 Words   |  6 PagesRomanticism and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter Literary Romanticism was a literary movement that started in Europe toward the late 1700’s and reached America in the early 19th century just in time for its peak years. Originally sparked by the Industrial Revolution, it was a response to the political and social conditions of the time as well as a challenge to the new type of scientific exploration and rationalization of everyday life. Writing that was grand and inspired great feeling and

Autism Is A Neurological Development Disorder - 967 Words

Autism is a neurological development disorder that affects one in eighty-eight people. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition(DSM-IV) there were five types of autism. They were all listed under what is called Autism Spectrum Disorder. People on the spectrum range from dysfunctional to functional. The most functional form is called, Asperger s Syndrome. People with Asperger s Syndrome have above average intelligence; the people on the other end of the spectrum tend to have average or below average intelligence. There are many symptoms of Asperger s Syndrome, but not all of the symptoms meet the other symptoms of the different types of autism. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) has taken Asperger s Syndrome and three other diagnosed mental disorders and put them all into the autism spectrum disorder eliminating Asperger s Syndrome as a diagnosed mental illness, but in fact these disabilities should be different because the symptoms of these disorders affect the human body in different ways. Autism is currently one of the most studied mental disorders on the planet, but very little is known about the disorder. This includes Asperger s Syndrome. Hans Asperger, who discovered Asperger s Syndrome, writes Autism in this sense refers to a fundamental disturbance of contact that is manifest in an extreme form in schizophrenic patients(Asperger 38). This means an autistic person meets theShow MoreRelatedAutism : A Type Of Autism913 Words   |  4 Pageschildren will be born with a type of Autism. This number has doubled since the mid-1990’s (Nature Education). Autism affects 1.5 million people (Howard). Autism develops within the first years of life and is four times more likely to be present in boys than in girls (Kinsey). Some researchers believe autism caused by failure to prune sufficient nerve cells, or to get rid of damaged nerve cells in the proper manner (Howard). There is treatment for a ll types of autism and are available but none are knownRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder728 Words   |  3 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by a combination of abnormalities in language, social cognition and interaction, and mental flexibility. ASD is not a single disorder, but rather a neurodevelopmental syndrome. (Autism Speaks) Research shows that a combination of genetic and environmental factors leads to the abnormal brain development that underlies autism. The concordance rate for monozygotic twins is much higher than for dizygotic twins, roughly 2:1, indicating that there are bothRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Autism Spectrum Disorders ( Asd )949 Words   |  4 Pages 1. What are the characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)? As described in the textbook, there is a broad range of characteristics associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). One of the first characteristics noted with ASD is language deficits, or using language in â€Å"odd† ways. As stated in the textbook, â€Å"Children with classic autism may be nonverbal. Alternatively, they may have significant language difficulties, so that their language may consist primarily of echolalia or delayedRead More autism Essay923 Words   |  4 Pages Autism Isolated in their own worlds, people with autism appear indifferent and remote. They are normally unable to form emotional bonds with others. Although people with this brain disorder can display a wide range of symptoms and disabilities, many are incapable of understanding other peoples thoughts, feelings, and needs. Often, their language and intelligence do not fully develop. This makes communication and social relationships difficult. Many people with autism engage in repetitive activitiesRead MoreHow Does Autism Affect The Functioning Of The Brain1014 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Autism is a developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life. This is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain. If you don’t pay close attention to your child, you won’t notice it. If you attend to your child the way that a real parent should, then you will notice that something is not right. If you catch it early on, you can do some intense therapy that will attend to your child the right way. Depending on how severeRead MoreEssay about The Etiology of Autism1313 Words   |  6 Pagesof 1 in 110 children have an autism spectrum disorder, â€Å"ASD† (Nirv, Shah 2011). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, up to six out of every 1,000 children may be diagnosed with some form of autism. In addition, boys are four times more likely than girls to have autism. This means that as many as 1.5 million Americans today are believed to have some form of autism. Unfortunately, the numbers appear to be increasing rapidly. Autism is a disability that frequentlyRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1453 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and it’s a neurological disorder that affects children at an early age, even at 2 years old. The misconceptions and controversies about the illness have caused a lot of backlash and hate towards the healthcare industry, especially doctors. Over the years, many people have believed and still currently think that vaccinations cause Autism. However, many tests and reports have been analyzed and studied through numerous scientists and they have concludedRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is a neurological disorder with many forms and severities, better known as autism spectrum disorder, that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout the individual’s life. Autism spectrum disorder is defined as development al disabilities that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges (CDC). Previously, autism was recognized in distinct groups and types. Now, autism is referred to as a spectrum because there is an overlap among all the different forms of autismRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1285 Words   |  6 PagesIntroductions: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is defined as a lifelong developmental condition that affects, among other things, the way an individual relates to his or environment and their interaction with other people. The word ‘spectrum’ is the description of a range of difficulties that people with autism may experience and the degree to which they may be affected. Not everyone with autism have an accompanying learning disability and require continued specialist support because some people withRead MoreAutism Is Not A Disease, But A Developmental Disorder Of Brain Function1465 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is not a disease, but a developmental disorder of brain function. People with classical autism show three types of symptoms: impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication and imagination, and unusual or severely limited activities and interests. Symptoms of autism usually appear during the first three years of childhood and continue throughout life . Although there is no cure, appropriate management may help with normal development and reduce undesirable behaviors

Culture - Customisation and Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Culture, Customisation and Innovation. Answer: Introduction: Centre Parcs is the famous village that operates hotel and leisure sector by providing them with full equipped accommodation in various locations of the forest. The resort in village style provides a huge range of activities that includes both indoor and outdoor; sports and leisure facilities, which offers various types of entertainment. Retails outlets, pools as well as restaurants are some basic amenities that are provided by Centre Parcs. It also incurs high operational cost on the company like training, wage bill, which is a too precious resource for the enterprise. Moreover, this can be considered as a reason that Centre Parcs is quite satisfied, and even holds high staff proportion. In this company customer service had provided to be easily implemented, and therefore, it offers high-quality service (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). It can also be considered as the Centre Parcs strong reputation and brand awareness. History/Establishment The concept of this village was introduced around 30 years back in Holland, and since that time the design is recreated in various locations of Europe, which includes around four places of UK, such as Elveden Forest, Sherwood Forest, Oasis Whinfell Forest and Longleat Forests. Centre Parcs operates hotel and leisure sector by providing them with full equipped accommodation in various locations of the forest. SWOT analysis Strength- Centre Parcs holds strength as it offers monetary assistance and hold experience of business units. Weakness- it has only small business unit Opportunities- Centre Parcs hold opportunities as growth rate and profitability will be high; new acquisitions will be made; economy is growing, and there is constant increase in income level. Threats- Centre Parcs face threat from financial capacity, issues in technology, increasing prices of raw materials, rise in interest rate, rise in labour cost, and risk in external business. Understanding about growth strategies / Ansoff Matrix There is no other company in the UK like the Centre Parcs, which is environmentally clean and offers the high service quality. Consequently, there is no requirement for low cost for the purpose of enhancing the sales as the real substitutes. Market research usually relates to the new markets. Through Ansoff matrix is quite better in the case of Centre Parcs for selling out the new services in the previous markets of product development for the purpose of boosting the market share of the company. Various growth strategies Ansoff Matrix Market penetration The most successful investment for the Centre Parcs growth strategy is the organic growth. It occurs when the firm tries to expand through private ways. In this case, the company is seeking to grow through selling out the items through enhancing the customer base (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Simultaneously through the help of advertising, investing in the villages and offering more and more leisure activities for the purpose of fitting with customers, instead of making use of services. The reason behind is that Centre Parcs, need to make use of organic growth as its sound bias in the case of development and offered money is secured as well as well managed (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Therefore, its quite less risky as the business is under the complete control of all components related to growth strategy and there exist no negative influence from mergers like bad customer service at the time of leisure activities (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009).However, through organic growth, that is long pro cess needs consistent investment for a longer duration; hence Centre Parcs might face the issue in exploring finance for their investment. Product development It includes exploring the new area that relates to new markets having less competition, high cost as well a moderate price for customer service and production, as it results in high profits and competitive benefits due to the product expansion. In the case of project managing, the phase of development in new villages as well as leisure activities relates to it. In the event of recruitment and training, the location is related to high unemployment (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Its always better to make use of on-the-job training so that employees can get the better education while working (Campbell-Smith, 1986). Through market campaigning, the companies advertise through television and families mainly watch, and its noted that Centre Parcs visit is mostly made by families (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Through developing the line of new products like the mountain Parcs and seaside Parcs. It also provides the new experiences or either activity like hot air ballooning as well as bungee jumping. Centre Parcs can attain the license for these activities (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). They will also require trained employees and required health and safety completion of work. Seaside Parcs often try to help the objective of corporate growth. It also provides customer loyalty, and in this case, people often visit the seaside locations as compared to competitors (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). However, its noted that the seaside relies on the seasonal sales, and they might struggle in maintaining the sales. It also builds the Centre Parcs strength of around 200 previously lying activities (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Market development Centre Parcs is specialized over particular target group like families and they are not interested in damaging the reputation through entering and penetration of new markets. For the purpose of attaining the product development, Centre Parcs requires investing in innovation as well as research and development (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). For instance, aquarium, new swimming pools along with various other new innovative items. Furthermore, it is noted that Centre Parcs might create the venture with different other companies that might enhance the product development for the purpose of decreasing the expenditure over innovation and research and development (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Through establishing the new products, Centre Parcs might try to target the new customers like teenagers, instead of families (Calantone Mazanec, 1991). However, its not a right idea that they should try to advertise as leisure for the families. Therefore, the image and reputation might seek to damage that leads to fewer sales and less market share (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Market research leads to more sale off similar items to the new customers. Through expanding the targeting territories like Luxembourg, Ireland, and Scandinavia. Centre Parcs might require to develop the agreements with local partners such as joint venture and even try to conduct the market research in new markets (Cadotte Turgeon, 1988). There are few expected gaps in the market (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Successful had proved in Netherlands, France, Germany as well as Belgium. The group had gained experience here, and they might try to build the joint venture as well as a local partnership with the help of pr evious contacts network (Mullin, Hardy Sutton, 2007). Diversification Strategy Growth can be attained through developing the new items in the new markets. For Centre Parcs, its not considered as the better idea for expanding into new markets, as its quite tough and risk and needs an enormous amount of expertise and investment (Mullin, Hardy Sutton, 2007). However, if the Centre Parcs needs to enter the new market, then, in that case, they have to make their development, because its the vast company, and they are ready for making massive investments. Market penetration can be easily used in the manner that quality is not reduced due to the less price along with reputation dont get damaged (Mullin, Hardy Sutton, 2007). Diversification implies selling out the new items like the strategy for enhancing the sales. It also targets the corporate customers with the activities of new team building, experiences of leadership development and conferencing (Bramham, Henry, Mamm Van der Pool, 1993). Centre Parcs would require undertaking the market research to determine whether the corporate customers will enhance the items (Mullin, Hardy Sutton, 2007). They would also require cost and package of the around for the corporate clients. Centre Parcs holds various facilities that could be made used for team building as well as leadership training. Many companies are exploring new ways for increasing the green credentials and trying to train the executives as well as their team, and in that less financial investment is needed (Mullin, Hardy Sutton, 2007). Discussion of growth strategies in the context of Centre Parcs It offers the strategy that provides the group along with competitive benefits (Bould, Breeze Teare, 1992). To follow the same, Centre Parcs might go more attractive as compared to competitors in the UK in the result of the active management of the environment, for the same they attain secure, sustainable reputation and recognition awards (Ashworth Voogd, 1990). In order to sum up the previous analysis of Centre Parcs growing strategies, it is recognized by consulting that the company is selecting to increase organically; therefore it offers the low-risk process of development and the same tries to maintain the viable future for long term in the company, only if the event happened as forecasted or planned (Ayton, 1994). Product development The most strong factor for Centre Parcs is the increasing the village organically and making use of product development started (Archdale, 1994). It is because Centre Parcs holds the tremendous loyalty towards the brand and its quite risky to lose the same through reducing the cost, for the purpose of reducing the prices and through moving towards new markets and then targeting the new customers. However, the same replies on the shareholder's expectations (Ashworth Goodall, 1990). For instance, shareholders might want to keep the profits high without investments and managers also try to expand the strategy of product development (Boyer Viallon, 1994). As Centre Parcs is the market leader, then in that manner they will stay, in the similar market for the purpose of not losing the share of the market, while entering into new markets. Product development still requires holding high investments. For instance, swimming pool, new Aqua Park, and Aquarium. Since the Centre Parcs is the mar ket leader, then its expected that they should have the high resources and thats the reason, there is no requirement for the growth of organic as its quite risky (Ashworth Goodall, 1990). Market development The website of Centre Parcs depicts their actual turnover, in comparison with the European competitors. Centre Parcs located in Europe holds the high capacity, but their turnover is around double of the UK Centre Parcs (Ashworth Voogd, 1990). It reveals that visitors were spending as well as occupancy is more in UK Centre Parcs as compared to Europe Centre Parcs. Ansoff matrix also shows that there are around three main strategies that can quickly overcome the forces that relate to the process of the response of Centre Parcs (Ashworth Voogd, 1990). It includes the competitive position of the reaction process. This process tries to place the Centre Parcs in the quite robust and different view within the market. Diversification The firm also set up the strengths and explored the weaknesses. It is also noted that the fifth site of the company is its operations. Therefore, there is a capacity to improve the targets like repeat booking and turnover. Through direct competitors as well as five sites offers the group with the entire segment of the market, which alters on strengthen the position of Centre Parcs along with benefitted share value (Ashworth Voogd, 1990). Conclusion Its noted from the paper that subcontracting strategic alliance might be referred to the Parcs development. The strategic partnership is the one, where more than the companies can easily share the resources as well as activities to initiate the strategy. In the case of Centre Parcs, the highest advertising, maintenance, promotion as well as increase in staff benefits can come at high risk for the company for the purpose of staying competitive within the market. Recommendations In the context of critical problems, sub contraction of alliances method could be referred as tackling the problem and contacting the expectations of shareholders. To keep the financial status healthy, certain operational functions could be subcontracted for reducing the cost of operations from the generated right prices. References Archdale, G. (1994). Destination Databases: Issues and Practices, in Seaton, A.V. et al. (eds) (1990). Tourism: The State of the Art. John Wiley Sons Ashworth, G.J. Goodall, B. (1990). Marketing Tourism Places. London: Routledge Ashworth, G.J. Voogd, H. (1990). Selling the City: Marketing Approaches in Public Sector Urban Planning. Belhaven. Ayton, P. (1994). Spending Time. Leisure Management. 2, 2426 Bould, A., Breeze, G. Teare, R. (1992) Culture, Customisation and Innovation: A Hilton International Service Brand for the Japanese Market, in Teare, R. and Olsen, M.D. (eds) International Hospitality Management. London: Pitman Publishing Boyer, M. Viallon, P. (1994). Communication Touristique. France: Presses Universitaires de France. Bramham, P., Henry, I., Mamm, H. Van der Pool, H. (eds). (1993). Leisure Policies in Europe. CAB International Cadotte, E.R. Turgeon, N. (1988). Key Factors in Guest Satisfaction. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 28(4), 4451. Calantone, R.J. Mazanec, J.A. (1991). Marketing Management and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(1), 101199. Campbell-Smith, D. (1986). Struggle for Take-Off: The British Airways Story. Hodder Stoughton. Coronet Books, Sevenoaks. Ferrand, A. McCarthy, S. (2009). Marketing the Sports Organisation: building networks Kinetics. Champaign, IL. Mullin, B.J., Hardy, S. Sutton, W.A. (2007). Sport Marketing, 3rd edition, Human and relationships. London: Routledge.

Public Relation Models Essay Example

Public Relation Models Essay The purpose of this essay is to achieve better insight into the different methods of conducting real-life public relations nowadays. Theoretically, several models have been developed to categorize the different types of PR practice/practitioners; analyzing the usage of these models by PR professionals will reveal the extent to which they are valid in real life. Because these models deal with the communication-flow involved in PR, the essay will begin with a basic outline of how human communication works and how it can be applied effectively, using theory from Stappers (1988) and Dervin (1989)- Stappers offers a basic conversation model which describes the information and communication processes, while Dervin discusses the role of audiences in communication. The next step will be to analyze the aforementioned PR models and shortly describe them, starting with Grunig’s (1989) set of models (symmetrical and asymmetrical) and moving on to Van Ruler’s (1997) tested models (the technician, sales manager and intermediary). The final section of the essay will concentrate on real-life examples of how the PR models are applied, related to commercial business and international public relations, provided and examined by Lordan (2006) and Grunig (1993). The examples will include customer input to organizations and the use of Grunig’s models in US politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Relation Models specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public Relation Models specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public Relation Models specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A detailed analysis will follow which will lead to the conclusion of how the communication-flow models apply to real life, and how valid each models is today. Communication: how does it work? To generate awareness of the communication process, Stappers created a general communication model. To successfully communicate, the receiver of the message does not only have to receive the information but also understand the meaning of it. Accordingly one can divide the receiver’s tasks into â€Å"phases such as noticing, observing and knowing† (Stappers, 1988, p. ). If one would combine these activities, one can use the term ‘information source’. When the receiver is observing, he or she gains knowledge. This is called the information process – â€Å"it consists of the receiver and the information source† (Stappers, 1988, p. 3). It will become a communication process when the receiver communicates the message to someone else. Within the communication p rocess there is a sender, who supplies another person with a message. A communication process is when a person, the sender, supplies another person with a message. According to Stappers, communication revolves around second-hand experiences (benefiting from other experiences), and also passing (sending) them on, allowing others to benefit from your experiences. This can be considered as an optimistic view of what genuinely happens; one should regard it more as a desirable result of communication. Communication enables us to share each other’s experiences and evolve with them, this is why this model can be seen as a two-way flow of information; one sends, receives and shares. Dervin came up with a similar conclusion to communication (specifically two-way), by discussing the importance of the audience during public communication campaigns. According to Dervin (1989), the audience is not â€Å"an amorphous mass† (p. 20), but rather a group of people who can learn from and teach (through feedback) the sender. If you listen to your audience you can understand what they need and possibly satisfy them (as well as yourself), thus building a bridge to your â€Å"Uses (Helps)† (Dervin, 1989, p. 18) over the gap that would exist if audience feedback was absent. This â€Å"sense-making approach† to communication simply states that two-way communication is superior to one-way communication. Using this basic information on communication-flow, we are able to explain how communication works in the different PR models offered by Grunig and Van Ruler. Grunig’s PR models: Asymmetrical vs. symmetrical communication Grunig has introduced four basic models for public relations. Each model represents the values, goals and behaviours practiced by organizations when they act upon public relations. Grunig (1989) states that the models are â€Å"simplified in the same way that a perfect vacuum or perfect competition are simplified representations in other sciences,† i. e. these models represent clear-cut, ‘perfect’ types of PR practice that may not necessarily be recognized in real life. However Grunig tries to identify and display the underlying reasons for applying a certain theory by a public relation practitioner. Grunig’s models are ‘press agentry/publicity’, ‘public information’, ‘two-way asymmetrical’ and ‘two-way symmetrical’. According to Grunig, these four models simultaneously contain and represent the companies’ inherent values, goals and behavior. The models can be divided in two groups, the distinction of which lies in the communication methods used. Grunig describes that public relation practitioners  follow either an asymmetrical or symmetrical way of communication on which they base  their actions and which determines what kind of relationship an organization has with its publics. If one should examine to which ideology or perception the PR-practitioners act upon it could help to develop further more effective public relations efforts. The ‘press agentry/publicity’ and ‘public information’ models consist of one-way communication whereas the ‘two-way asymmetrical’ and ‘two-way symmetrical’ methods consist of two-way communication. One-way communication revolves around the company communicating to its audience with no feedback. As a dominant current world view, PR is still seen as â€Å"persuasive and manipulative† (Grunig, 1989, p. 40). The first presupposition fits within this world view, which Grunig describes as ‘Press agentry/ publicity’. This model seeks media attention in any way possible for example through product and trade fairs. This model is sometimes associated with propagandistic public relations- the PR focuses mainly on the positives of the organization and its products/services, and it emphasizes on benefiting the company, not the audience/publics, ‘the audience are passive receivers who ought to be â€Å"persuaded or manipulated† (Grunig, 1989, p. 40). ‘Public information’ similarly focuses on publishing positive (yet truthful) information about the given organization; however it is reluctant to disseminate negative information. Grunig states that (in contrast to the first model) this model tends to manipulate the publics unintentionally. For example, bands who participate in the Live Earth concerts have ‘public information’ PR which concentrates on the benefits of fighting global warming, while ignoring the fact that preparing and carrying out the concerts adds a lot to global warming (Vozel, 2007). Both of these one-way communication models are used by PR practitioners to inform the publics about the organization without any research of the publics (Grunig, 1989). The two-way communication models are more complicated in that they involve research of the publics in order to support them as well as the organization. ‘Two-way asymmetrical’ communication uses research to find out what has to be done to satisfy the public while still focusing mostly on benefiting the organization without the changing organizational behavior. Therefore, behavioral change, as Grunig puts it, from the side of the audience is hoped to benefit the organization rather than both involved parties. This model can be seen as manipulative because an organization uses it to satisfy the public mainly for its own good-will. ‘Two-way symmetrical’ communication, similarly to ‘two-way asymmetrical’ communication, involves research of the publics. However, it differs in its purpose- instead of focusing on the benefits of the organization, it emphasises on a mutual understanding between the organization and its publics. Practitioners fine-tune the needs and wants of both the organization and its publics to achieve harmony and find better solutions to problems together (synergy). Organizations using this model are known to bargain and negotiate with their publics and develop strategies of conflict resolutions. According to Grunig (1989) only the ‘two-way symmetrical’ communication model is genuinely symmetrical. In contrast to the other three models, ‘two-way symmetrical’ communication is the only one that does not focus solely of the benefits of the company. ‘Two-way asymmetrical’ communication also involves the publics but tends to use persuasive and manipulative messages to support them, as seen in the ‘press publicity/agentry’ model. Practitioners who use ‘public information’ may also manipulate publics (although it could be unintentional). Furthermore, Grunig (1989) argues that ‘two-way symmetrical’ communication is the best of these models because it is the only one that uses moral and ethical approaches in PR. After identifying and distinguishing the four PR-models, Grunig states why an organisation practices a particular one. He concludes that the reason why a model is applied lies in what he calls the ‘dominant coalition’. This term implies that these models ‘function as a part of an organisation’s ideology’ and become ‘situational strategies’. Grunig also comes to the conclusion that the top management, ‘the power elite’ , (which works separately from the PR practitioners) establishes strategic target publics and subsequently passes this issue to the PR practitioner, who has to accomplish this task in coherence with the ‘organisational culture’. Finally to summarize, it can be said that several ways of practicing public relations can be identified. Reasons why a company chooses to act upon a particular model is strongly determined by its ‘dominant coalition’. Van Ruler’s PR models The following models also deal with the concept ‘two-way symmetrical communication’. Furthermore recent developments will be elaborated. With the outcome of Van Ruler’s research as a basis one could distinguish three models which determine how public relation officers (PROs) regard their role in the profession of PR. This can be distinguished by deriving the underlying views from the given answers by leading PROs in the Netherlands. The three models are: †¢ The Technician, who only wants to accomplish his /her goals. There is no role for the receiver (the public). Sales manager, who focuses on building a positive image of the company, the receiver is passive. †¢ Intermediary, who is responsible for creating and maintaining a closed mutual relationship, between the organisation and its public. The receiver is active. She describes ‘the technician’ as someone â€Å"who is tactically concerned with the production and dissemination of communica tion products† (Van Ruler, 1997, p. 97). She refers to this view as a ‘technical one’ which implies that this person is just â€Å"subservient to the technical demands of the execution of his duties† (Van Ruler, 1997, p. 7). The second view a PRO can have is characterized as ‘sales manager’. Van Ruler (1997) describes it as a synchronization of the behavior of the public with the view of the organization (p. 97). This view can also be characterized as an ‘instrumental one’ meaning that this person is merely following the guidelines and sets up the organizational strategy. ‘The intermediary’ is the last view derived from Van Ruler’s research outcomes. The intermediary regards his or her job in â€Å"building bridges and trying to stand between and organization and publics† (Van Ruler, 1997, p. 97). This perception of the profession includes being interested in some sort of exchange between both, the organization and the publics in order to gain mutual understanding, as Van Ruler describes it. This is why this view can be perceived as a ‘professional’ one meaning that this person is more distant, he or she is like a third party between organization and public who tries to intermediate in order to bring both in ‘ tune’. This identified model is, to some extent, similar to Grunig’s ‘two-way symmetrical way’ of communication. Both models contain many overlapping characteristics. The theoretical framework delivered by Grunig sets up certain values in a particular view. Van Ruler distinguishes similar models, only with different terminology, for example ‘intermediary’ or ‘professional view’ instead of Grunig’s words ‘two-way symmetrical communication’. By using different terminology Van Ruler puts the same process in a different context. Van Ruler differentiates her models and provides additional material to Grunig’s outcome, by stating that while these presuppositions can be easily identified, they cannot be easily found in the practical field of a working PRO. This arouses the question as to whether or not the ‘two-way symmetrical’ method of information is only possible in Grunig’s theoretical framework. This is because Van Ruler, through her research, tried to identify the ‘two-way symmetrical’ way of information in the daily work of selected PROs and was not able to identify it. The communication-flow PR models in modern-day practice: Real-life examples Grunig and Van Ruler described interactions with the publics by using the terms ‘intermediary’ or ‘two-way symmetrical’ flow of communication. Lordan describes these interactions as increases in ‘interactivity’ between a company and the audience by stating the possible benefits as well. He states that the ‘interactivity’ already exists by means of having focus groups or by conducting customer testimonials. However, there is now a movement which is far more comprehensive. Currently, Lordan (2006) has stated: â€Å"customers are being asked for their input in shaping all elements of an organization† (p. 27), especially within the field of communication he adds. Many activities which were handled by communication specialists are now partly determined by the public itself. For instance Lordan (2006) says the Super Bowl commercials, â€Å"are often held up as a barometer of professional communication trends† (p. 27). Nowadays, organizations are asking their customers to shape their message and commercials by letting them develop creative concepts and by involving them in the campaigns. Reasons for this behavior of the consumer according to Lordan can be given with the example of ‘American Idol’, a show where the audience is obliged to vote for the contestants and therefore actively influence the outcome (â€Å"greater excitement†). Another reason is the change in technology, from ‘old media’ such as newspapers and television which â€Å"happen to us† passively to new media like websites or mp3-devices which he states â€Å"demand interactivity- we happen to them. † The willingness to expose themselves can be regarded as an indicator that consumers â€Å"anticipate – even prefer – greater influence in the communication process. † (Lordan, 2006, p. 28) With this Lordan is not referring to the general communication model described by Stappers. The difference is that Stappers refers more to second hand information; he would regard the sending of the message as the communication process. YouTube is also an example of giving evidence for the high demand of being capable to add something to the media, to be interactive. Since YouTube consists of what the user offers. Lardon also says that because of these recent developments PROs fear about their job security. This is due to their job being partly taken over by the audience. Assuming that, more involvement of the target receiver is harming the ‘control’ of the sender. This implies that several views are still predominant, which are also partly characterized in the concepts ‘two-way asymmetrical communication’  (Grunig)  and sales manager (Van Ruler). Even though consumers are enabled to participate, Lordan (2006) argues that the consumers still are warranted. This is because the company still â€Å"reserves the right to select or to refuse the final participants† and that it is still up to the media professionals â€Å"to determine the rules, the access and, in some cases, the outcome† (p. 28). To conclude Lordan (2006) states that, if a PRO has faith in his or her profession, in a manner that he or she sees it as something â€Å"where the goal is mutually beneficial relationships between clients and audiences† (p. 9), the trend of interactivity is a concept which could enable the PROs to improve their performance instead of give away their jobs. The perception of losing control about the intended message is related to Van Ruler’s model ‘sales manager’. Van Ruler describes this model as a view which involves ‘synchronizing’ the public opinion with the organization’s opi nion. So, active influence and power are wanted to be on the side of the organization and not as Lordan (2006) states â€Å"a mutually beneficial relationship† (p. 9). Grunig’s approach can also be taken in to account. Grunig (1989) says that PR departments should work as on ‘open system’ in which there is interaction between the client (organization) and the audience. Grunig named this approach the ‘two-way symmetrical’ flow of information and gave presuppositions which highly influences a company’s behavior. Consequently it can be said that even though Lordan claims that ‘interactivity’ could work with a ‘two way symmetrical approach,’ it is quite different in reality. Namely the concept of the ‘sales manager’, the fear of losing control described by Van Ruler, is dominant. Grunig (1993) follows the idea that the ‘two-way communication’ model is quite rare in real PR practice too, by offering several examples from his analysis on international public relations- e. g. in a campaign for Lithuania, a PR, Bernays, used â€Å"many of the techniques of the public information model† as well as the two-way asymmetrical model; also Grunig (1993) mentions that throughout the 20th century many international clients of the US were supported with asymmetrical PR, â€Å" PR firms will stoop to represent the interests of dictatorships†. Grunig (1993) does suggest a possible reason for this use of PR in politics, â€Å"The majority of public relations practitioners who work for international clients enter the business because of experience in journalism, advertising or politics. Because of this background, they devote most of their efforts to media relations and lobbying typically practicing the press agentry, public information or two-way asymmetrical models of public relations†. Conclusion In this essay we went through a movement from general to specific in order to analyze whether or not the discussed PR models are valid in real-life PR practice. We started off with a basic outline of what desirable communication is (according to Stappers and Dervin), and moved on to describe Grunig’s and Van Ruler’s models and how they use communication, as well as what their similarities and differences are. From this section of the essay it can be concluded that the most preferred and ethical models are the symmetrical models, i. . the two-way symmetrical communication model and ‘the intermediary’. Through our analysis of how PR is used in real-life examples, we saw that while various asymmetric methods are used in commercial business and international PR, the ‘perfect’ symmetrical models are not really valid. A reason for this may be that PR practitioners in real-life are not necessarily educated as PR professionals, but rather come from oth er backgrounds, whether it is advertising, journalism or politics (as mentioned by Grunig, 1993). References

Moonstruck Essay Example

Moonstruck Essay Example Moonstruck Essay Moonstruck Essay Loretta and religious aspects conveys clearly through this unforgettable movie. Additionally, regarding what Loretta has done, it is indirectly symbolizing the Western Culture where most married people usually dont consider the sanctity of marriage as one of the most important values of marriage. The way Loretta undergoes her life is really pathetic where her mind sticks with the perception that her life is based on bad luck: Because I have no luck. She believes that the reason why her husband gets killed In a bus accident is because of ere action In contravening the sacrament of marriage. As she was a Catholics, she knows that marriage should be held at a church, not a city hall where she said, Maybe If you gave me away, and I got married In a church, In a wedding dress, Instead of at the City Hall with strangers standing outside the door, maybe then I wouldnt have the bad luck I had. Likewise, her mother also thinks that it is better if Loretta doesnt get married again. Her mother says, Nil Bad luck! Your mom and I been fifty-two years and nobody died. You were married, what, two years, and embody is dead. Dont get married again, Loretta. It doesnt work out for you. Thus, at the end, she believes that her next marriage with Johnny is just a formality. According to the sacraments of marriage, after men and women were engaged, no fornication should be involved. Lamentably, this rule sins followed by Loretta who has engaged in a sexual tryst with Irony Cameras, the younger brother of her fiancà ©Ã‚ ©, Johnny Cameral. However, both of them find their happiness together because they give something valuable to each other. Loretta makes Irony realize that he Is to the only person who has suffered hardship and Irony awakens her to the fact that she needs love and passion in her life, not a future marriage with a man who only gives an assurance of a stable life. Moreover, Loretta is more like Johnnys mother rather than a wife, because Johnny is like a big baby who always follows what his real mother says. Reflecting to what Loretta has done, her father, Cosmos Castration also violates the sanctity of marriage by having an affair with his mistress, Mona. However, since his wife, Rose Castration is a self-assured, strong Oman who is not afraid to assert herself over her husband, she reveals her feeling to him and makes him realize once again that he sincerely still loves his wife. With Loretta, she tries to repay It by making a confession to a priest in her church, meaning to release her guilty conscious of cheating on her fiancà ©Ã‚ ©. Moonstruck presents the relationship between Loretta and the Church as affirmative rather than oppressive. This Is shown by how the priest doesnt castigate her, Instead reminding her to not commit the past mistakes. Similarly, when Rose Castration prays deeply and Nils clearly clarets Tanat spiritually Is an Important aspect In near Tie. It Is very obvious to see that both Loretta and her mother have close connection between their life and their religious. Furthermore, when exploring the movie deeper, one sees that sanctity of marriage should be contained with humbleness, patience, honesty, forgiveness of mutual offenses, faith in the power of God, and kindness. As being a Catholic, Loretta and Her mother success in fulfilling those criteria and indeed, both of them have faith in the power of God that He will give the best for their marriage. In fact, Loretta mother knows that her husband is cheating on her and it Just based on her instinct as a wife. In addition, forgiveness is one true aspect that Loretta mother has where she truly forgives her husbands fault and only demands him to not meet his mistress again. This forgiveness can be seen in Loretta life where she forgives her parents for their past mistake for not letting her and her deceased husband marry in the church.

Understanding Surveys and Samples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding Surveys and Samples - Essay Example a hypothesis as â€Å"a tentative explanation of the research problem, a possible outcome of the research, or an educated guess about the research outcome† (Hatch, 2002). Thus, a hypothesis is a temporary prediction about the nature of the relationship that exits between two or more variables. The study has developed the following two hypotheses that take both the null and alternative approach. The analysis of two or more variables together makes it important for the researcher to point out the relationship between the two variables involved in the study. Two variables are independent if a change in one does not consequently cause a change in the other. In the case that one of the variables causes a change in the other then the first variables is known as an independent variable and the latter a dependent variable (Sharp, Peters, & Howard, 2002). In the two questions identified above, domestic violence in the first question is the independent variable while psychological consequences are the dependent variable. In the second question, the independent variable is psychological problems while the dependent variable is the normal development. The following definitions will act as operational definitions for the following variables used in the study. These are based on the various understandings by different scholars on the meaning of the terms and how they are used in day to day interactions. Domestic violence will be taken to mean developed pattern of assaultive and coercive behavior which could take the form of physical, psychological, emotional or economic coercion that is seen to occur between a couple (Champion, 2000). This definition will thus focus on the family where children exist and not any other adult relationship. The definition will only consider what the children can see happen in the family and not what they are not able to observe. Psychological problems will be taken to represent patterns of behavior or psychological symptoms that have an effect

Understanding & Managing Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Understanding & Managing Organisations - Essay Example Understanding and Managing Organisations As such, human resource (HR) has to find means wherein the management of people becomes the foundation for the success of the organisation (Boxall & Purcell 2003). In this regard, this study will look into HRM, its meaning and functions and on how strategic HRM becomes an essential development in the field. From this perspective, the study will focus on five aspects of HRM, namely, resourcing, employee engagement, job design, employee development and leadership. This is undertaken with the purpose of gaining more insight and better understanding of HRM. The paper will be having the following structure. The first section will deal with the nature of HRM. This will provide the framework in which the five related functions of HRM are appreciated. The second part will deal with some questions pertinent to the five aspects of HRM, which is the focus of the study. This is essential as it affords a way wherein some concerns relevant to these five functions may be clarified. Finally, the thi rd part will be the conclusion. In the end, it is the aim of the writer to be able to produce a clearer vision of the relationship between organisational behaviour and HRM. HRM: Its Nature and Definition Before, HRM has been concerned with administrative functions in people management. However, with developments in technology, HRM administrative functions are no longer its main concern, but it is now focused on coming up with strategies that position the right staff in the right job at the appropriate time and carrying out task effectively. (Lawler & Morhman 2003). As such, human resource management is â€Å"strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization’s most valued assets – the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives† (Armstrong 2006, p 2). Observable in the definition is the notion that people are considered to be as the â€Å"most valued assets of the organisation†, this position breaks from the traditional perception that employees are deemed as costs rather than assets. This is a significant condition because there are some who are claiming that there is a difference between HRM and human capital management (HCM) and that the main difference between the two is the actual practise (Armstrong 2006). It is contended that HRM also sees personnel as assets, however, since they have several concerns, only a few of HR people admits in implementing the philosophy and belief system underlying HCM (Armstrong 2006). On the other HCM uses measurable data to come up with policies, strategies and programmes that will help the management develop the right training, learning and opportunities that will further improve the employees. Nonetheless, although the discourse regarding the difference between HRM and HCM is continuing, what is necessary is that HRM and HCM may be combined in order to with better HR policies, strategies and programmes that best suit t he needs and goals of both employees and the organisation. With people as valuable assets as its ethos, HR works within a system wherein there is a clear HR philosophy that serves as a guide to managing people. It also has to have clear HR strategies that will lead HRM to its goals and vision. Likewise, it has to have HR policies that will set as the standard in addressing HR concerns while HR procedures are necessary concrete methods or processes adopted by the organisation as it implements HR policies. At the same time, there are

Hrm With Strategic Goals And Objectives Commerce Essay

Hrm With Strategic Goals And Objectives Commerce Essay The latest emphasis among academics and practitioners on public or people management systems as a source competitive advantage has focused greater than ever on the science and practice of Human Resource Management. While academics have made a number of significant contributions to these development by means of research, Steve Kerr of General Electric has had an argument that the great number of the best work is being done by consultans and professionals in the field (Hodgetts, 1996). Actually, one could make a persuasive case that the practice of HRM has outpaced the academic work on this particullar topic. However, data on how organisations in fact manage people to provide a source of competitive advantage are insufficient. Studies that compare and distinguishes human capital management system in leading organisations are even more difficult to find. In fact, while the empirical literature linking between HRM with strategic goals and objectives of the organisations performance has c onstantly found than more effective HRM is associated with greater financial performance (Becker Huselid, 1998), what is missing is clearer understanding of how these processes work, and subsequently how organisations could actually manage their staff to help provide a basis of competitive advantages. The purpose of this essay is to examine how linking of HRM with strategic goals by any organisation would improve business performance and develop organizational cultures that foster innovation and flexibility. That is why I have considered three main points, ( heading, contents page) because of in my opinion they are the ones which will broaden the concept of this essay. I will first examine the importance of HRM to strategy as well as SHRM and its objectives. In the second part, I will look at the skills of manager which would help to improve business performance and develop or increase organisations culture. Finally, I am going to demonstrate case studies of different types of organisations which has integrated strategy of HRM. 1. Importance of HRM to strategy Human resource management has become more important to the management in general, mainly as a result of its role in providing competitive advantage, the run to competitiveness, and an awareness of the demands of the technologically advanced environment of the future. According to the findings of Strategist Michael Porter human resource management is a key to obtaining competitive advantage (Michael E. Porter, 1998). In a growing number of organizations, human resources are now seen as a source of competitive advantage. There is greater recognition that distinctive competencies are acquired through highly developed employee skills, unique organizational cultures, management processes, and systems. Increasingly, it is recognized that competitive advantage can be achieved with a high-quality employees, which enables organizations to compete on the basis of market responsiveness, product and service quality, differentiated products, and technological innovation instead of relying on low costs. An example of human resources a competitive advantage is said by John Deeres efforts to automate its factories. The pursuit of exceptional talent and experience in industrial automation, the company established a technology division ( Dyer, 1983 p.257) Another example is provided by ARCOs increased importance on human resource management issues in its executive development program (ARCO, 1986) . Examples like these points out the broader responsibilities and importance of todays more strategically oriented human resource management. Apart from its role in providing competitive advantage through a quality workforce, the needs of control labor costs also has increased the role of human resource management. As an outcome of strong pressure to control labor and other costs, managers have become more aware of the effects of inefficient use of human resources. Administrators need look no further than the underutilized workers, lack of confidence, resistance to change, the work of a ntagonistic relationship management, motivation problems, and restrictive labor practices to find the causes of low productivity. The resources allocated towards better use of human resources can become more profitable than investment in plant and equipment. Because of the potential cost efficiencies, improved human resource management can play a key role in competitive strategy and organizational development competencies. Economic turmoil also has increased the importance of the strategic role of the human resource management. Turbulence, globalization, technology, radically changing demographics, and differences in the values of the labor force have created uncertainty in the environment almost without precedent. Strategic management of human resources and the thread of human resource planning are increasingly being seen as a means of buffering environmental uncertainty. Not surprisingly, management of human resources is increasingly integrated in the formulation of strategy and p lanning process. As managing human resources becomes a more important component of competitive strategy of a company, general management has an incentive to ensure alignment and consistency between strategy and human resource practices and policies. The challenge of adaptation first comes to finding the answer to the question: What kind of people who will necessary to lead the organization in the coming years? (Miller, 1986, p12). The expectation is that people and practices that are aligned with the future strategic needs, produces superior organizational performance. While there is evidence on this point, some recent empirical studies have found higher returns to be related to the integrated and strategic human resources. He has been the recognition of the contributions of human resource management to the companys success in international efforts. This success is more likely when the international participation is rewarded and international business training is provided. Also mor e likely when selection criteria include management and promotion of international experience. However, before such contributions can be made, a coherent strategy for human resources must be developed and linked to the overall strategy organization. 1.1. SHRM and its objectives. The concept of strategic human resources management has become a widely used in management literature. In overall, the goal of the strategic human resources management is the effective implementation of those resources to meet the strategic needs of organizations and objectives. In defining the term, doctors tend to emphasize its implementation role, (Schuller, 1992, p 18-32) according to the following definitions: How the company strategy implemented effectively making everyone from the top of human organization in the background doing things that make successful business. (Ibid, p 18). A broader academic definition of the strategic human resources management, says the following: strategic human resources management is largely about how to integrate and adapt. SHRMs concern is to ensure that: a) human resources (HR) management is fully integrated with the strategy and the strategic goals and objectives of the company, b) HR practices are adjusted, accepted and used by managers and employees as part of their daily lives work (IBId). Patrick Wright and Gary McMahan have offered a similar definition of strategic human resources management (Wright, Patrick M. 1992 p 295). They defined SHRM as the pattern of a planned human resource operations and activities intended to enable an organization to achieve its objectives. Given these definitions of strategic human resources management, a general theoretical framework can now be used to organize knowledge of how human resource practices are affected by strategic considerations. Strategic human resources can make contributions to the strategy and strategic planning to set goals of organisation in a different ways. Systems such as performance appraisal, staffing, training, and compensation allowing managers to implement the organizations strategic plan. The human resources planning also links strategic management and business planning with these systems. The great number of models of strategic human resources management vision function of having an enforcement role, and has been less common to find companies that use unique human resources capabilities as a leading entry in the strategy formulation. However, more companies are turning to human resources management in the process of formulating the strategy . As an instance for it could be Arthur Andersens unique capabilities of human resource training. The accounting companys Saint Charles, Illinois, training centre, which resembles a campus of college, provides it with competitive advantage (Porter E. Michael 1998). Thousands of employees of Arthur Andersen are given uniforms training of the companys own highly regarded instructional labour at this service each year. Due to its facilities and at home instructors, the company can react quickly to the changing demands of its customers. Objectives of Human Resource Management. The objectives are pre-determined strategic goals to which person or group activity in an organization is concentrated. The institutions are established to achieve certain specific objectives. The objectives of the any industry are mostly to earn profit as much as possible while educational institutions are mostly to provide education or research etc. However, the main and the fundamental purpose of any organization is survival. Organizations are not just satisfied with this goal. Moreover the goal of most organizations is the growth or profits. Institutions to acquire and manage various resources including human for achieving the objectives. Thus, human resource management is used to divert and use its resources to achieve the objectives of the organization. So basically, the goals of human resource management derive from and contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the organization. The other objectives of human resource management are to meet the needs, aspirations, values and dignity of employees and with due concern for socio-economic problems of the community and country. The objectives of human resource management can be as following: To create and use a workforce capable and motivated to achieve the basic organization goals. To establish and maintain solid organizational structure and desirable working relationships among all the members of the organization. To ensure coordination and integration of groups within the organization by co-ordination of the individual and group goals with the employees of the organization. To create facilities and opportunities for individual and group development to coincide with the growth of the organization. To achieve efficient utilization of human resources in achieving the objectives of the organization. To identify and meet individual and group needs to provide adequate and equitable wages, employee benefits and social security To measure for challenging work, prestige, recognition, security, status. To maintain the high morale of employees and good human relations by maintaining and improving the various conditions and other facilities. To strengthen and assess human capital through continuous training and development programs. To examine and contribute to minimizing the social and economic problems such as unemployment, underemployment, inequitable income distribution and wealth to improve the welfare of society by providing employment opportunities to women and disadvantaged sectors of society . To provide fair, acceptable and effective leadership . To provide facilities and working conditions and the creation of enabling environment to maintain employment stability Management has to create a conducive environment and provide necessary conditions for achieving the objectives of personnel management after formulation. (Source from http://www.citeman.com/245-objectives-of-human-resource-management/ ) 2. Skills which manager should acquire in order to achieve strategic goals in the organisation. The human resources function sometimes does not play an important role in the process of formulating the strategy of the organization because of the inadequacies of human resources planning executives (Burack, Elmer H, 1985 p133). However, planning difficulties are not unique to these executives . In fact, the managers of all functional areas have problems with strategic planning. It is well known that managers are action-oriented, often prefer the action of the decision -making or problem- solving interactions. On the contrary, part of the planning process is conducted in isolation. There is a lack of information or knowledge of results for long periods of time. Also, It is hard to justify the time needed for planning in relation to more immediate problems that press for solutions. Thus, despite its value, many managers do not like to plan. Further, these general planning issues, there are more problems with strategic planning because it often leads to restructuring of resources tha t determine the power and status. Effects of the desire to maintain the status quo, through resistance to change is obvious symptoms such as excessive defence of the allocation of existing resources, the accumulation of the information and excessive control of the planning process by manipulating programs. Other causes of problems in the strategic planning process is the mismatch between planning tasks and competence of managers skills. Strategic planning requires considering in terms of the organization as a whole and the relationships between the organization and the many factors that affect their environment. One of the most important abilities in SHRM is to see objects at the macro level rather than processing bits of information to find solutions to problems at the micro level. One symptom of this imbalance is a propensity to fall on operational issues and the inability to complete tasks. A final problem is the lack of senior executive commitment to the strategic planning proce ss. The symptoms of this problem include attempts by managers to read between the lines to find out the real opinion of top management in the importance of the process. Human resources executives often lack the skills to play an important role in strategic planning processes of the company. Requirements for those who can operate in the strategic human resources management is beyond the requirements of functional competence. Research for the role characteristics reveals that following professional qualifications needs to be considered in the managers involvement : 1) Management information skills such as statistics, analysis, and research. 2) Planning skills, knowledge of planning and planning methodologies and statistical techniques.3) Knowledge management skills in different business functions and environmental analysis.4) Integration skills- competition in the management of organizational interfaces and skill in assessing the organization and as setting priorities. 5) Change management skills- the ability to anticipate the future, facilitate change, and organizational development activities (Baird, p 126-27). Besides the selection of human resources executives on the basis of these qualifications, the weaknesses with the current staff can be overcome, even if there are imbalances of cognitive skills. For example, planners of linking compensation with the skills and the use of planning teams can minimize the effect of individual cognitive deficits. Planning tasks can also be divided into phases, some of which may be made by those whose cognitive abilities are not well adapted to the strategy formulation. For instance, greater responsibilities for data collection can be assigned to those whose strengths are not consistent with strategic thinking (Lenz, Managing SHRM, (1986): p 57-66 ). 3. The linkage of HRM with integration of strategic goals and objectives in the different types of organisations (Cases). Integrating Strategy and Human Resources Management in the organisations. Experiences from several organizations are good examples of the integration of strategic goals with human resource management. One of the such examples is provided by the experience of Peoples Bank , a financial services company headquartered in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Massive changes began to take place in the business environment of banking with deregulation and lowering of interest ceilings. Money markets started draining the funds normally was in banks deposits, forcing them to resort to more expensive sources of funds. In addition, money centre banks began competing in the same market environment as regional banks. Peoples, which was a small regional bank, responded changing its strategy from a product orientation to one directed toward markets . With a product orientation, the products are developed and then looks for markets that sell the product. By contrast, a market orientation implies an opposite approach, where market demand are identified and then product developed to s erve the market. As a result of these changes, Peoples became a diversified financial services company with 139 branches and fully integrated banking services and stock trading presence on the Internet (Peoples Bank, Coleman M. Sharon, 2000 ). Due to major changes in the Peoples strategy, there was a recognition that new organizational structures would be needed to adapt to changes. The organization was decentralized, remove hierarchical levels formed strategic business units, and new senior vice presidencies created within a matrix structure. The bank undertook a study of the types of employees that would be required with the ability of the new strategy and the needs of the organization. The main changes took place as a result of the audit. For example, the performance appraisal system was revised. The revised system emphasizes setting goals, the achievement of individual goals by linking with HRM, and the rewards by means of achievement of the objectives of the bank, and places gr eater emphasis on performance appraisal, marketing and sales. In addition, human resource planning was more fully integrated with the strategic planning process through the synchronization of scanning processes with the banks general environmental scanning process (HRM Planning, Lesher, 1986, p 39-44). The experiences in integration of strategy and human resource management of the U.S. Navy could be another example. As a result of linking strategic planning with human resource management, the Navy was able to follow a proactive strategy that provides lower costs of labor. In this case, Navys human resources planners analyzed the labor cost savings of a strategy for their civilian employees that would replace the local wage policy with national wage policies. Through the development of human resource predictions to determine labor market reactions to these changes, planners could determine whether sufficient labor supply would be available with savings of cost strategy. In this particular example, the strategic planners of Navy also considered the impact of the reduction in private sector middle management positions and found that higher quality employees could be hired. (Atwater, et al. , 1988, p 119-36) Ingersoll-Rands experience with one of its divisions also provide a good example of the results of a strong linkage between strategy of this organisation and human resource management. Ingersoll-Rands rock drilling division was experiencing rapid growth and there was a shortages of manpower. It was also necessary to train their employees to work with new technologies and wanted to control the costs of labor. The result of the integration of human resource capabilities with its strategic planning process was that the company implemented a series of programs which also included profit sharing and participation of employee as a team in every aspects. It also had employees participate in decisions about purchasing new technology and a significant commitment to technological training. (McManis, Gerald, 1988) To conclude with this last example about the integration of strategy and human resources in Maid Bess, which specialises in manufacturing uniforms. The company faces intense competition from foreign manufacturers, and controlling of labor expenses became critical. Due to the intensity of labor, the company closely integrated human resources management with the strategic planning process in order to reduce labor cost. As a result of the integrated strategic planning process, executive vice president of the company designed a compensation program that includes bonuses that increased productivity, increases in the salaries of employees and reduce turnover. (Charles R. Greer, SHRM, 2001, p 278) Conclusion In a recent years more organizations are recognizing that human resources are a source of competitive advantage. This recognition, side by side with increasing environmental uncertainty, increased pressure to control costs and increased government regulation, have elevated the strategic role of human resource management. As a result, there is increasing involvement of HRM in strategy formulation. When human resources are the source of an organizations competitive advantage, HRM plays a critical role in providing up front to enter the corporate level, the strategic planning process in order to achieve its objectives. Human resource planning is of the important linkage with the strategy of the organization by providing input on the availability of critical manpower and by adding timing process to cope with the shortage and surpluses of employees. Other strategic inputs of SHRM functions include environmental scanning and competitive intelligence. The next level of strategy formulation, SHRM help align personnel practices, policies and programs with the strategy so that desired roles of employee and their actions will support different strategies such as innovation, quality, enhancement, cooperation, effectiveness of work, ability to performance, desire to work, cost reduction etc. A typology of activities shows how human resource activities vary in their contributions to a strategically implementation. Despite recent developments, in most companies, there is still need for greater integration of human resource planning with the formulation of organizations strategy. Factors which influencing the level of integration of the include industry differences, changes in economic activity, technological changes and demographic changes. I have provided several examples of integration of strategy in organisations and its linkage with Human Resources, and also the barriers that often have limited integration in the past. To conclude with, My personal view is that human resource managers should develop the personal skills that necessary to contribute to the process of strategy formulation.

Medieval Art Essay -- essays research papers fc

Medieval Art In the art world, the medieval periods were traditionally though to be the unproductive phase of Europe between the decline of Rome and the Renaissance. Our modern feelings toward medieval art are far more appreciative. The main intent of Medieval art was to express Christianity which was also a common bond between a wide spread and diverse Europe. For this reason most of the art found from medieval times originated in monasteries and churches. European art during the Middle Ages can be divided into four periods. These four periods include Celto-Germanic art which ranged from 400 to 800 A.D. and was important in metal work. Carolingian art ranged from 750 to 987 A.D. overlapping 50 years of the Celto-Germanic period. The period of Romanesque art spanned mainly the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and was an important period for medieval architecture. Gothic art, the final period of the Middle Age art began in the Romanesque period around the twelfth century and went on until the sixt eenth century. Artwork form these four periods all consist of distinct styles setting them apart from one another. Celto-Germanic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The earliest remains from the Celto-Germanic period consisted of mainly bronze work—bracelets, armbands, broaches, swords, and purse covers. The styles in which samples are crafted involve geometric patterns which interweave different human and animal representations. This is the same style that sets the Celto-Germanic period apart from all others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The paintings of the Celto-Germanic period, similar the metal work, involve many intricate spiral designs, interlaced with different shapes and animal figures. â€Å"They were colored with gum, glue or gelatin binders that were used on parchment† (Cleaver151). Used to illuminate scriptures, the paintings often depicted religious themes. Celto-Germanic architecture made extensive use of wood. Between 750 and 987 A.D. the Celto-Germanic style went through some changes and new styles evolved in different geographic locations. It was during this time the second period of medieval art began. Carolingian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Architecture in the Carolingian period made good use of wood just as the Celto-Germanic period did. A major difference between the two was that Carolingian architects used stone only for important buildings such as churches and castles. Their buildings and plans for unfinished buildi... ...r own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Medieval time period was an important era for the growth of culture throughout the entire world. We owe many innovations used in design, architecture and overall style to the works of the many artists that flourished in the middle ages. Each of the four periods of development were unique to one another, yet followed an overlying religious theme that defined the medieval times. The advancements made during that time were able to influence to the 800 years of art that lead up to present day, and still remain visually and architecturally beautiful. Works Cited Cleaver, Dale G. Art—An Introduction. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1994. Jacobsen, Aaron H. Art and Architecture of the Middle Ages. Barbarian Art of Christian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Europe, Romanesque Art, Gothic Art. Pioch, Niclous. WebMuseum, Paris. 26 May 1996. International Gothic Style. 26 May   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1996. Witcombe, Chris. Art History Resources on the Web. 24 October 1995. Art of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Middle Ages. 17 January 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Medieval Art Essay -- essays research papers fc Medieval Art In the art world, the medieval periods were traditionally though to be the unproductive phase of Europe between the decline of Rome and the Renaissance. Our modern feelings toward medieval art are far more appreciative. The main intent of Medieval art was to express Christianity which was also a common bond between a wide spread and diverse Europe. For this reason most of the art found from medieval times originated in monasteries and churches. European art during the Middle Ages can be divided into four periods. These four periods include Celto-Germanic art which ranged from 400 to 800 A.D. and was important in metal work. Carolingian art ranged from 750 to 987 A.D. overlapping 50 years of the Celto-Germanic period. The period of Romanesque art spanned mainly the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and was an important period for medieval architecture. Gothic art, the final period of the Middle Age art began in the Romanesque period around the twelfth century and went on until the sixt eenth century. Artwork form these four periods all consist of distinct styles setting them apart from one another. Celto-Germanic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The earliest remains from the Celto-Germanic period consisted of mainly bronze work—bracelets, armbands, broaches, swords, and purse covers. The styles in which samples are crafted involve geometric patterns which interweave different human and animal representations. This is the same style that sets the Celto-Germanic period apart from all others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The paintings of the Celto-Germanic period, similar the metal work, involve many intricate spiral designs, interlaced with different shapes and animal figures. â€Å"They were colored with gum, glue or gelatin binders that were used on parchment† (Cleaver151). Used to illuminate scriptures, the paintings often depicted religious themes. Celto-Germanic architecture made extensive use of wood. Between 750 and 987 A.D. the Celto-Germanic style went through some changes and new styles evolved in different geographic locations. It was during this time the second period of medieval art began. Carolingian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Architecture in the Carolingian period made good use of wood just as the Celto-Germanic period did. A major difference between the two was that Carolingian architects used stone only for important buildings such as churches and castles. Their buildings and plans for unfinished buildi... ...r own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Medieval time period was an important era for the growth of culture throughout the entire world. We owe many innovations used in design, architecture and overall style to the works of the many artists that flourished in the middle ages. Each of the four periods of development were unique to one another, yet followed an overlying religious theme that defined the medieval times. The advancements made during that time were able to influence to the 800 years of art that lead up to present day, and still remain visually and architecturally beautiful. Works Cited Cleaver, Dale G. Art—An Introduction. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1994. Jacobsen, Aaron H. Art and Architecture of the Middle Ages. Barbarian Art of Christian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Europe, Romanesque Art, Gothic Art. Pioch, Niclous. WebMuseum, Paris. 26 May 1996. International Gothic Style. 26 May   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1996. Witcombe, Chris. Art History Resources on the Web. 24 October 1995. Art of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Middle Ages. 17 January 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚